2019年03月20日 07:38:00
来源：澎湃新闻
伦勃朗的横空出世使肖像画变得更为复杂。他通过道具、光线和模糊的布局来建构画中人物形象，让人们不禁思考：肖像画到底是什么？“伦勃朗的肖像画”正在美国芝加哥艺术博物馆展出，通过画家精湛的笔法可以看到，艺术家不仅可以对人物进行自由构造，而且对人性的呈现更能通过普罗大众得到充分的表达。
伦勃朗
伦勃朗·哈尔曼松·范·莱茵(Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, 1606年7月15日—1669年10月4日)被称为荷兰历史上最伟大的画家，同时也是欧洲巴洛克绘画艺术的代表画家之一。伦勃朗所处的年代被称为荷兰的黄金时代(Dutch Golden Age)， 当时荷兰的科学、商贸和出版业处于巅峰时期，社会开化，宗教环境宽松，产生了大批富裕的中产阶级，间接推动了艺术的发展。
伦勃朗的横空出世使肖像画变得更为复杂。他通过道具、光线和模糊的布局来建构画中人物形象，让人们不禁思考：肖像画到底是什么？
2019年，是伦勃朗逝世350周年，世界范围内的纪念展由此展开。此前已有大英博物馆“伦勃朗：在纸上思考”（至8月4日）、荷兰国立博物馆“伦勃朗和荷兰黄金时代”（至6月10日）。
近日，芝加哥艺术博物馆推出“伦勃朗的肖像画”特展，两幅伦勃朗的经典之作——《男孩的肖像》（Portrait of a Boy）和《自画像》——从加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳市的诺顿·西蒙博物馆借出，这两幅画将与芝加哥艺术博物馆馆藏的《戴金项链的老者》和《站在两截门后的少妇》一起，向人们展示伦勃朗的大师级技艺。
伦勃朗出生宽裕，年少成名，后半生却困顿潦倒，终于贫病。历尽世态炎凉的他在创作上也经历了数个不同阶段：从中早期的注重细节、浓墨重彩，到后期的朴素低沉，再到晚期所绘自画像中不加矫饰的沧桑面容。伦勃朗的作品题材多样，从宗教典故、历史场景，再到风景肖像、日常生活，他都能真诚地描绘出来。
展出的四幅经典肖像画不仅体现了伦勃朗作为画家的精湛水准，更突出了他对画中历史主体的深邃了解和对艺术史的博学多识。他的作品是对肖像画这一历史悠久流派的致敬，更为一个全新的艺术未来拉开了序幕：人性能通过普罗大众得到充分表达，艺术家能够对人物进行自由构造。
肖像油画
伦勃朗·范·莱因《戴金项链的老者》（Old Man with a Gold Chain），1626–1636
1631年，《戴金项链的老者》的第一版，是这位老人的胸像画。男子身着华服：黑色丝绒外套，搭一顶羽帽，纯金耳环配上珍珠，胸前是分量十足的金链条，颈部绕着钢制护喉甲。在其后文艺复兴时期绘画中，这样的装饰意味着军人身份，但在伦勃朗的画里，所有这些都是画家的戏剧道具，它们在同样戏剧性的光线下，成为一幅幅人物习作，而非真正的肖像。
这幅人物习作是画家在这一类型的早期探索，人物画也是贯穿伟大的荷兰艺术家伦勃朗一生的题材。尽管他的丰富画作涵盖风景画、风俗画，以及少许静物画，但圣经和历史画以及肖像才是伦勃朗的主攻。作为这些兴趣的延伸，伦勃朗展开了对个体形象的研究，通过运用戏剧服装、丰富而精妙的光线，营造戏剧感。
他收集服装，把模特扮成各种形象。在这幅画中，金链子和钢护喉甲显示备受尊崇的军人身份，羽毛贝雷帽唤起早期时光，画面素净的背景陪衬着他宽大的黑色身躯。这是一张真实的面孔，饱经风霜，提防留心，闪动着骄傲与人性。这位一度被视作画家父亲的模特，其实是伦勃朗喜爱的模特，频现于画家早期作品中。
青年伦勃朗在1631年自信满满地画下此作，当时他已离开故乡莱顿（Leiden）奔赴阿姆斯特丹追寻艺术，或许他正想用此画证明自己融汇历史画与肖像画的能力。
以这幅芝加哥艺术博物馆馆藏的伦勃朗早期作品为例，可以看到他的肖像作品中的光线通常从斜前方约45度角照射过来，勾勒出人物的轮廓线，而人物身体的其余部分则隐藏在黑暗处。伦勃朗尤其善于运用巴洛克时期盛行的明暗对照法(Chiaroscuro)来突出表现主体。明暗对照法源于意大利语的“明”(Chiaro) 与“暗” (Scuro)，是文艺复兴时期发展出来的绘画技法，借强烈明暗对比的基调来塑造戏剧化的场景和人像。除了伦勃朗之外，文艺复兴时期画家如达·芬奇、卡拉瓦乔等画家都以此技法见长。这种对比手法后来也被广泛运用到摄影艺术中，被人们称为“伦勃朗光线”。
伦勃朗·范·莱因《自画像》（Self-Portrait），约1636–1638
在加州诺顿·西蒙博物馆馆藏的《自画像》中，伦勃朗同样采用了大半身像，他巧思布局，使观众与皱着眉头的伦勃朗目光相对。尽管伦勃朗的画像十分写实，但他的姿态却充满情感，左手伸进了胸前昂贵精致的外套里。他的服装再一次仿照了上一个世纪，让自画像看起来像文艺复兴的作品，他希望由此提升自己的身份，让人们不再视其为手工艺匠人，而是一位真正的艺术家。
考虑到伦勃朗当时的经济状况，画中那殷实的贵族气派正是他渴望的，因为在那个时候他已处于破产边缘。在这幅画里，人们再一次看到他戏剧性地运用了光线。
伦勃朗·范·莱因《男孩的肖像》（Portrait of a Boy），1655–1660
这幅画也来自诺顿·西蒙博物馆，同样包含了丰富的想象力。男孩的左肩上有一只草草画就的宠物，或许是鸟或猴子。由羽毛帽、带蕾丝领口的衬衫构成的服装也是更早前的打扮。尽管身披奇装、肩负萌宠，肖像却显示出真诚与坦率。柔和的灯光均衡地照着男孩的脸，凸显出他闪亮的圆眼。这幅作品或许并未完成——只展现了艺术家手法的冰山一角——但就男孩的表情而言无疑是非常到位的。
伦勃朗·范·莱因《站在两截门后的少妇》（Young Woman at an Open Half-Door），1645
在这幅《站在两截门后的少妇》中，起到主要作用的并不是服装，而是年轻女子与被看者的互动丰富了作品的信息。画中，女子在店家或屋门口招呼人的场景十分寻常，这样的画面可以回溯至文艺复兴时期。不过，从女子仅仅倚着门探出的样子，她招呼的不是挚友或者贵客。女子双手紧紧扶着前方的木条，她有意在双方间设了一个物理的屏障。与此同时，她侧目而视，半张脸掩在暗部。她显然正盯着某个地方，但盯着谁又或什么东西？
版画
除了油画，伦勃朗一生还创作了大量蚀刻版画(Etching) 和素描作品。它们大多以肖像、自画像、和宗教故事为主题。芝加哥艺术博物馆收藏了多件伦勃朗的素描和蚀刻版画作品。蚀刻版画是一种版画的制作方法。作画时需要先在金属板上雕刻，然后通过使用强酸腐蚀来制成凹版，再用油墨印刷成版画。
伦勃朗·范·莱因《窗前的版画自画像》，蚀刻版画，1648
在这幅版画自画像中，伦勃朗描绘了自己在窗边制作蚀刻版画的神情。
伦勃朗·范·莱因《亚当与夏娃》，蚀刻版画，1638
在这张以圣经典故为原型的版画作品中，伦勃朗以他标志性的明暗对照法表现了亚当和夏娃在受到撒旦诱惑时的犹豫和困惑。
伦勃朗·范·莱因《基督在彼拉多面前》，蚀刻版画，1635
伦勃朗·范·莱因《基督落架图》，蚀刻版画，1633
伦勃朗·范·莱因《十字架上的基督》（Christ crucified between the two Thieves: The three Crosses），蚀刻版画，1653
这三幅作品是芝加哥艺术博物馆馆藏的伦勃朗以耶稣基督受难为主题的版画。从这些画作中可以看出，基督教典故和人类的苦难是伦勃朗作品中常见的主题。
伦勃朗一生命运多舛。1669年逝世时，他几乎没有留下任何财产。但在他漫长的艺术生涯里，伦勃朗留下了600多幅油画，300多幅蚀刻版画，200多幅素描，和100多幅自画像。
伦勃朗的肖像画
地点：芝加哥艺术博物馆展厅213
展期：2019年3月3日–6月9日
（本文图片来源：芝加哥艺术博物馆官方网站与公众号）
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